FD is left-to-right mark (U+200E) and FE is right-to-left mark (U+200F), as specified in a newer amendment as ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999.
Israeli Standard SI1311:2002 matches ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 except for a number of additional character allocations for the euro sign, new shekel sign and more advanced explicit bidirectional formatting.11
"Code page 916 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170216054304/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00916.html ↩
"CCSID 916 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233510/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid916.html ↩
"CCSID 5012 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327035815/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5012.html ↩
van Kesteren, Anne. "9. Legacy single-byte encodings". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Note: ISO-8859-8 and ISO-8859-8-I are distinct encoding names, because ISO-8859-8 has influence on the layout direction. And although historically this might have been the case for ISO-8859-6 and "ISO-8859-6-I" as well, that is no longer true. /wiki/Anne_van_Kesteren ↩
John, Nicholas A. (2013). "The Construction of the Multilingual Internet: Unicode, Hebrew, and Globalization". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 321–338. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12015. ISSN 1083-6101. Background: the problem of Hebrew and the Internet https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcc4.12015 ↩
"Usage Statistics of ISO-8859-8 for Websites, January 2019". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17. https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/en-iso885908/all/all ↩
Code Page CPGID 00916 (pdf) (PDF), IBM https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00916.pdf ↩
Code Page CPGID 00916 (txt), IBM https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00916.txt ↩
International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-916_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03 https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-916_P100-1995.ucm ↩
International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5012_P100-1999.ucm, 2002-12-03 https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-5012_P100-1999.ucm ↩
Standards Institution of Israel. ISO-IR-234: Latin/Hebrew character set for 8-bit codes (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. /wiki/Standards_Institution_of_Israel ↩