René Caillié

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
René Caillié was born on 19 November 1799 in <a href="/facts/Mauz%25C3%25A9-sur-le-Mignon/6nnMgYWJ">Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon</a>, a village in the department of <a href="/facts/Deux-S%25C3%25A8vres/b41EqUWp">Deux-Sèvres</a> in western France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> His father, François Caillé, had worked as a baker but four months before René was born he was accused of petty theft and sentenced to 12 years of <a href="/facts/Hard_labour/prMQz611">hard labour</a> in a <a href="/facts/Penal_colony/63twBQ8y">penal colony</a> at <a href="/facts/Rochefort%2c_Charente-Maritime/DAsvcpxJ">Rochefort</a>. He died there in 1808, at the age of 46. René's mother, Élizabeth <a href="/facts/N%25C3%25A9e/FctFJcbg">née</a> Lépine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> died three years later in 1811 at the age of 38. After her death, René and his 18-year-old sister, Céleste, were cared for by their maternal grandmother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h2 id="first-trips-to-africa">First trips to Africa</h2>
In the introduction to his Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo, Caillié described how as a teenager he had been fascinated by books on travel and exploration: <blockquote>
... and as soon as I could read and write, I was put to learn a trade, to which I soon took a dislike, owing to the reading of voyages and travels, which occupied all my leisure moments. The History of Robinson Crusoe, in particular, inflamed my young imagination : I was impatient to encounter adventures like him; nay, I already felt an ambition to signalize myself by some important discovery springing up in my heart.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

</blockquote>
Caillié left home at the age of 16 with 60 francs that he had inherited from his grandmother.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> He made his way to the port of Rochefort, 50 km (31 mi) from Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon on the <a href="/facts/Charente_(river)/jIf1MmQ9">River Charente</a>. There he signed up as a crew member on the Loire, a French naval <a href="/facts/Storeship/tR0Mzlpk">storeship</a> that was to accompany the frigate <a href="/facts/French_frigate_M%25C3%25A9duse_(1810)/KBagEDac">Méduse</a> and two other vessels on a voyage to reclaim the French colony of <a href="/facts/Saint-Louis%2c_Senegal/7B8RRxSm">Saint-Louis</a> from the British under the terms of the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)/aFeCF7sA">1814</a> and <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)/ovTFwd6K">1815</a> Paris Treaties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> The four ships left their anchorage near the <a href="/facts/%25C3%258Ele_d%2527Aix/C7sC9t7q">Île d'Aix</a> at the mouth of the Charente River in June 1816.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The Méduse went ahead of the Loire and was wrecked on the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Arguin/kd4lBoHz">Bank of Arguin</a> off the coast of present-day Mauritania.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> A few survivors were picked up by the other vessels. The shipwreck received a large amount of publicity and was the subject of a famous oil painting, <a href="/facts/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa/M9Q0YYYz">The Raft of the Medusa</a>, by <a href="/facts/Th%25C3%25A9odore_G%25C3%25A9ricault/dY7BCf8I">Théodore Géricault</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> When the three remaining French ships arrived at Saint-Louis they found that the British governor was not ready to hand over the colony so the ships continued southwards and moored off the island of <a href="/facts/Gor%25C3%25A9e/meQs5kRu">Gorée</a>, near <a href="/facts/Dakar/zTxKbsaR">Dakar</a>. Caillié spent some months in Dakar, then only a village, before returning by ship to Saint-Louis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> There he learned that an English expedition led by Major William Gray was preparing to leave from the <a href="/facts/Gambia_River/YSlJqQT2">Gambia</a> to explore the interior of the continent. Caillié wished to offer his services and set off along the coast with two companions. He intended to cover the 300 km (190 mi) on foot but found the oppressive heat and lack of water exhausting. He abandoned his plan at Dakar and instead obtained a free passage on a merchantman across the Atlantic to <a href="/facts/Guadeloupe/vwgVTYPm">Guadeloupe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Caillié found employment for six months in Guadeloupe. While there he read <a href="/facts/Mungo_Park_(explorer)/NzmmYj18">Mungo Park</a>'s account of his exploration of the Middle <a href="/facts/Niger_River/jDWfmWCx">Niger</a> in present-day Mali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Park had been the first European to reach the Niger River and visit the towns of <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9gou/PpVHga0H">Ségou</a>, <a href="/facts/Sansanding/oHA2gv3c">Sansanding</a> and <a href="/facts/Bamako/6CUUqtPB">Bamako</a>. An account of his first trip had been published in French in 1799.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Park made a second expedition beginning in 1805 but was drowned in descending the rapids on the Niger, near <a href="/facts/Bussa%2c_Nigeria/k7lGLLbf">Bussa</a>, in present-day Nigeria. An account of the second trip had been published in English in 1815.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Caillié returned to <a href="/facts/Bordeaux/k0yG4a8e">Bordeaux</a> in France and then travelled to Senegal where he arrived at end of 1818.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> He made a journey into the interior to the pre-colonial state of <a href="/facts/Bundu%2c_Senegal/5Ln4kKGa">Bundu</a> to carry supplies for a British expedition but he fell ill with fever and was obliged to return to France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
In 1824 he returned to Senegal for the third time with the desire to visit the African interior.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> The Paris-based <a href="/facts/Soci%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A9_de_G%25C3%25A9ographie/djmXAlgk">Société de Géographie</a> was offering a 9,000-franc reward to the first European to see and return alive from Timbuktu, believing it to be a rich and wondrous city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> He spent eight months with the <a href="/facts/Brakna_Moors/27P1CYfr">Brakna Moors</a> living north of the <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9gal_River/qdPmyD3F">Senegal River</a>, learning Arabic and being taught, as a convert, the laws and customs of <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a>. He laid his project of reaching Timbuktu before the governor of Senegal, but receiving no encouragement went to <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a> where the British authorities made him superintendent of an <a href="/facts/Indigo/ICSGEsqH">indigo</a> plantation. Having saved £80 he joined a <a href="/facts/Mandinka_people/477EqJEz">Mandingo</a> caravan going inland. He was dressed as a Muslim, and gave out that he was an Arab from <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> who had been carried off by the French to Senegal and was desirous of regaining his own country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="journey-to-timbuktu">Journey to Timbuktu</h2>

Starting from Kakondy near <a href="/facts/Bok%25C3%25A9/TEaD4AJ5">Boké</a> on the <a href="/facts/Rio_Nu%25C3%25B1ez/UeSHWPgA">Rio Nuñez</a> on 19 April 1827,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Caillié travelled east along the hills of <a href="/facts/Fouta_Djallon/rKfbFpgp">Fouta Djallon</a>, passing the head streams of the Senegal River and crossing the <a href="/facts/Upper_Niger/jDWfmWCx">Upper Niger</a> at Kurussa (now <a href="/facts/Kouroussa/5BJLVzwa">Kouroussa</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
Caillié reached <a href="/facts/Kankan/m3Ge5PQa">Kankan</a> in present-day Guinea on 17 June 1827 travelling with a caravan transporting <a href="/facts/Kola_nut/mlfXuXIk">kola nuts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> He stayed there for a month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The town was an important commercial centre with a market held three times a week. Instead of having a surrounding mud wall, the town was defended by <a href="/facts/Hedge/qp0wBkIf">quickset hedges</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Caillié was advised not to travel north along the <a href="/facts/Milo_River/G3RJAAnP">Milo River</a> as the town of Kankan was fighting for control of the Bouré gold producing area around <a href="/facts/Siguiri/2xy8KfHf">Siguiri</a> and the <a href="/facts/Tinkisso_River/uArEksDJ">Tinkisso River</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> Instead Caillié left the town heading east in the direction of <a href="/facts/Minignan/cx5SqGjJ">Minignan</a> in the Ivory Coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> He wished to visit Djenné but wanted to avoid the town of <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9gou/PpVHga0H">Ségou</a> on the Niger River as Ségou was at war with Djenné. He also feared that he might be recognised as a Christian in Ségou as <a href="/facts/Mungo_Park_(explorer)/NzmmYj18">Mungo Park</a> had visited the town in 1796.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
Continuing eastwards he reached the <a href="/facts/Mountains_of_Kong/unu6zyjB">Kong highlands</a>, where at the village of <a href="/facts/Ti%25C3%25A9m%25C3%25A9/rSCBn2ak">Tiémé</a> in present-day Ivory Coast, he was detained for five months (3 August 1827 – 9 January 1828) by illness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Resuming his journey in January 1828 he went north-east and reached the city of <a href="/facts/Djenn%25C3%25A9/JREYRXUz">Djenné</a>, where he stayed 11–23 March. Djenné lies 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the <a href="/facts/Bani_River/SbYoxEB3">Bani River</a> to which it is connected by a narrow channel that is only navigable in the wet season. Caillié confused the Bani with the Niger River (which he referred to as the Dhioliba).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The Bani joins the Niger 115 km (71 mi) downstream from Djenné at <a href="/facts/Mopti/1A0TvqmI">Mopti</a> (Caillié's Isaca).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> From Djenné he continued his journey to Timbuktu on a boat transporting merchandise and 20 slaves. After two days they arrived at the village of Kouna where the cargo was transferred to a larger vessel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> The boat crossed <a href="/facts/Lac_D%25C3%25A9bo/DB6ynUtN">Lac Débo</a> and then followed the more easterly and smaller branch of the river, the Bara-Issa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> At the busy port of <a href="/facts/Sah%2c_Mali/bBcPlGEq">Sa</a> they were joined by 30 or 40 other vessels also heading for Timbuktu as travelling in a flotilla provided some degree of protection against bandits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> He arrived in Timbuktu on 20 April 1828.
In 1550 <a href="/facts/Leo_Africanus/91fmEIpr">Leo Africanus</a> described the inhabitants of Timbuktu as being very rich with a king that possessed large quantities of gold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The perception of Timbuktu as a very wealthy city had been fuelled by various accounts published in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Caillié recorded his first impression of the town: "I had formed a totally different idea of the grandeur and wealth of Timbuktu. The city presented, at first view, nothing but a mass of ill looking houses, built of earth."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> He compared it unfavorably with Djenne:

<blockquote>
... afterwards I took a turn round the city. I found it neither so large nor so populous as I had expected. Its commerce is not so considerable as fame has reported. There was not as at Jenné [Djenné] a concourse of strangers from all parts of the Soudan. I saw in the streets of Timbuctoo only the camels, which had arrived from Cabra [Kabara] laden with the merchandise of the flotilla, a few groups of the inhabitants sitting on mats, conversing together, and Moors lying asleep in the shade before their doors. In a word everything had a dull appearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>

</blockquote>

After spending a fortnight in Timbuktu, Caillié left the city on 4 May 1828 accompanying a caravan of 600 camels heading north across the Sahara Desert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> After six days the caravan reached <a href="/facts/Araouane/xAgcdb4k">Araouane</a>, a village 243 km (151 mi) north of Timbuktu that acted as an <a href="/facts/Entrep%25C3%25B4t/jcV4JwfM">entrepôt</a> in the trans-Sahara trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> When the caravan left Araouane on 19 May it included 1,400 camels and 400 men. It was transporting slaves, gold, ivory, gum, ostrich feathers, clothing and cloth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Caillie reached <a href="/facts/Fez%2c_Morocco/yYpQPnpN">Fez</a> on 12 August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> From <a href="/facts/Tangier/0fBWdCQ6">Tangier</a> he returned by frigate to <a href="/facts/Toulon/bnYFwGTc">Toulon</a> in France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
Caillié had been preceded at Timbuktu by a British officer, <a href="/facts/Alexander_Gordon_Laing/o1V4elRh">Major Gordon Laing</a>, who was murdered in September 1826 on leaving the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Caillié was the first to return alive. He became a <a href="/facts/Knight/q6oIppem">Knight</a> of the <a href="/facts/Legion_of_Honour/XmLQTz71">Legion of Honour</a> by decree on 10 December 1828.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> He was awarded the prize of 9,000 francs offered by the Société de Géographie to the first traveller to gain exact information of Timbuktu,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> and in 1830 along with Laing was awarded the society's <a href="/facts/Grande_M%25C3%25A9daille_d%2527Or_des_Explorations/Rh0SrvaN">gold medal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> a pension, and other distinctions. It was at the public expense that his Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné dans l'Afrique Centrale, etc. (edited by <a href="/facts/Edme-Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Jomard/lbdwRyUD">Edme-François Jomard</a>) was published in three volumes in 1830.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
The next European to visit Timbuktu was the German explorer <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Barth/spccLvhT">Heinrich Barth</a> who arrived in 1853. When describing the <a href="/facts/Djinguereber_Mosque/olckD6UC">Djinguereber Mosque</a> Barth wrote:

<blockquote>
It was here especially that I convinced myself, not only of the trustworthy character of Caillié's report in general, of which I had already had an opportunity of judging, but also the accuracy with which, under very unfavourable circumstances in which he was placed, he has described the various objects that fell under his observation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>

</blockquote>
However, Barth criticised Caillié's picture of Timbuktu showing detached houses "while, in reality, the streets are entirely shut in, as the dwellings form continuous and uninterrupted rows."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> No European visited Djenné until April 1893 when French troops under the command of <a href="/facts/Louis_Archinard/z21K6QSw">Louis Archinard</a> occupied the town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<h2 id="death-and-legacy">Death and legacy</h2>
Caillié died of tuberculosis on 17 May 1838, at <a href="/facts/La_Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien/tmlBlbmI">La Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien</a>, in the department of <a href="/facts/Charente-Maritime/nIIp1N0f">Charente-Maritime</a> where he owned the manor L'Abadaire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
Caillié is remarkable for his approach to exploration. In a period when large-scale expeditions supported by soldiers and employing black porters were the norm, Caillié spent years learning Arabic, studying the customs and Islamic religion before setting off with a companion and later on his own, travelling and living as the natives did. His opinion of Timbuktu was very different from that of Laing, who described it as a wondrous city. Caillié stated that it was a small, unimportant and poor town with no hint of the fabled reputation that had preceded it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
<ul><li>Caillié, Réné (1830a), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/revuedesdeuxmond011830pari#page/252/mode/2up">"Description de la ville de Temboctou"</a>, Revue des deux mondes (in French), 1: 254–295.</li>
<li>Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley. Google books: <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPMTAAAAIAAJ">Volume 1</a>, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7xjAAAAMAAJ">Volume 2</a>.</li>
<li>Caillié, René (1830c), Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l'Afrique centrale ... pendant les années 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 ... Avec une carte itinéraire, et des remarques géographiques, par M. Jomard. (3 Vols) (in French), Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Gallica: <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1049685/f2.image.r=.langEN">Volume 1</a>, <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104969j.r=.langEN">Volume 2</a>, <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104970g.r=.langEN">Volume 3</a>. Google books: <a href="https://archive.org/details/journaldunvoyage01cail">Volume 1</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/journaldunvoyage02cail">Volume 2</a>, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ThCAAAAcAAJ">Volume 3</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li>Anonymous (1825). <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37600x/f210.image">"Programme des prix: Encouragement pour un voyage à Tombouctou et dans l'intéreur de l'Afrique"</a>. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (in French). 3: 209–212. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422182120/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37600x/f210.image">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</li>
<li>Anonymous (1828). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKdZAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA4-PA2">"Paris Geographical Society: Prizes for Encouragement for Travels in Africa: Voyage to Timbuctoo and in the interior of Africa"</a>. The Quarterly Review. 38 (76). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316092628/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKdZAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA4-PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</li>
<li>Anonymous (1830). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37611k/f175.image">"Procès-verbal de la Séance générale du 26 mar 1830"</a>. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (in French). 13: 176–177. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316092948/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37611k/f175.image">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Louis_Archinard/z21K6QSw">Archinard, Louis</a> (1895). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8560807">Le Soudan en 1893</a> (in French). Le Havre, France: Imprimer de la Société des Anciens Courtiers. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032330/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8560807">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Heinrich_Barth/spccLvhT">Barth, Heinrich</a> (1857). Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855. (3 Vols). New York: Harper & Brothers. Google books: <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALsZAAAAYAAJ">Volume 1</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926041636/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALsZAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ByAAAAMAAJ">Volume 2</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820005928/https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ByAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 20 August 2020 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQC">Volume 3</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Hunwick/UzlMKuYt">Hunwick, John O.</a> (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-04-11207-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Edme_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Jomard/lbdwRyUD">Jomard, Edme François</a> (1839). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=byg6AAAAcAAJ">Notice historique sur la vie et les voyages de René Caillié: accompagnée d'un portrait</a> (in French). Paris: Delauny. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093115/https://books.google.com/books?id=byg6AAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</li>
<li>Leo Africanus (1600). <a href="https://archive.org/details/b30334627">A Geographical Historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian. Before which is prefixed a generall description of Africa, and a particular treatise of all the lands undescribed</a>. Translated and collected by John Pory. London: G. Bishop.</li>
<li>Masonen, Pekka (2000). The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 951-41-0886-8.</li>
<li>Park, Mungo (1799a). Voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique : fait en 1795, 1796 et 1797 (in French). Castéra J. transl. Paris: Dentu and Cartellet. Scans from Internet archive: <a href="https://archive.org/stream/voyagedanslint01park#page/n5/mode/2up">Volume 1</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/stream/voyagedanslint02park#page/n5/mode/2up">Volume 2</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mungo_Park_(explorer)/NzmmYj18">Park, Mungo</a> (1799b). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MkTAAAAYAAJ">Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797</a>. London: W. Bulmer and Company. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019143634/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mkTAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</li>
<li>Park, Mungo (1815). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalamission01parkgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">The Journal of a Mission to the Interior of Africa, in the Year 1805: Together with other documents, official and private, relating to the same mission : to which is prefixed an account of the life of Mr. Park</a>. London: John Murray.</li>
<li>Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-84498-137-0.</li>
<li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a>: <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "Caillié, René Auguste". <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>d'Aveyzac, A.P. (1838). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA129">"Analyse géographique du voyage de René Caillié chez les Maures de Berâknah en 1824 et 1825"</a>. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. 2nd series. 10 (September): 129–144. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</li>
<li>Caillié, René; Jomard, Edme François (1801–1900). <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84540080">Notes du voyage de René Caillié à Tombouctou. (1827)</a> (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des manuscrits, NAF 2621. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005213058/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84540080">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. Bound volume containing documents relating to Caillié's trip including some of his drawings and original notes in pencil.</li>
<li>Duval, Jules (1867), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mnNLuKhmuDoC">Un Ouvrier Voyageur: René Caillié</a> (in French), Paris: Hachette.</li>
<li>Jacques-Félix, Henri (1963), "Contribution de René Caillié à l'ethnobotanique africaine au cours de ses voyages en Mauritanie et à Tombouctou: 1819–1828", Journal d'Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée, 10 (8–9, 10–11): <a href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0021-7662_1963_num_10_8_2717">287–334</a>, <a href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0021-7662_1963_num_10_10_2727">449–520</a>. The article was also published as a monograph.</li>
<li>Pineau, Jean-Marc (2007), Mon Voyage à Tombouctou : Sur les pas de René Caillié (in French), Paris: Presse de la Renaissance, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-7509-0297-1.</li>
<li>Pineau, Jean-Marc (2010), Mon Voyage au Maroc : Sur les pas de René Caillié (in French), Éditions Les 2 Encres, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-35168-320-0.</li>
<li>Quella-Villéger, Alain (1999), René Caillié, 1799–1838: une vie pour Tombouctou (in French), Poitou-Charentes, France: Actualité Scientifique, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-911320-12-5.</li>
<li>Toute, René (2005), <a href="http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/an497f/an497f00.pdf">Histoire de la Recherche Agricole en Afrique Tropicale Francophone. Volume III: Explorateurs et marchands à la recherche de l'Eldorado africain 1800–1885/1890</a> (PDF), Rome: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), pp. 18–33, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 92-5-205407-3, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128065301/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/an497f/an497f00.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2018, retrieved 29 November 2013.</li>
<li>Viguier, Pierre (2008), Sur les Traces de René Caillié: Le Mali de 1828 Revisité (in French), Versailles, France: Quae, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-7592-0271-3.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002892">Newspaper clippings about René Caillié</a> in the <a href="/facts/20th_Century_Press_Archives/cAE4hLqn">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/facts/German_National_Library_of_Economics/7NL3fA8t">ZBW</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Caillié spelled his family name as both Caillié and Caillé. His birth was registered as Caillié although his father used Caillé. René's siblings were registered as either Caillé or Caillet. His first name was sometimes written as Réné with two accents.[1] After his return from Timbuktu, Caillié would use the first name "Auguste" when signing his personal correspondence.[2] <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Masonen 2000, pp. 267–268. - Masonen, Pekka (2000). The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. ISBN 951-41-0886-8. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 17–18. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Caillié, in his book Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo, incorrectly gives the year of his birth as 1800.[5]
 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">The death certificate of Caillié's mother gives her first name as "Anne". That is also the name given by Jomard in 1839.[6] However, Élizabeth is used on her marriage certificate, on René's birth certificate and on René's own marriage certificate.[7] <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 19–23. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 2. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 28–29. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Quella-Villéger (2012) suggests that this would have been equivalent to a month's salary of a well-paid workman.[10] <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 31. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 33. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 34. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 42. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 34. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 3. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Caillié 1830b, Vol 1, pp. 4–5. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 36–37. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 5. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Park 1799a. - Park, Mungo (1799a). Voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique : fait en 1795, 1796 et 1797 (in French). Castéra J. transl. Paris: Dentu and Cartellet. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Park 1815. - Park, Mungo (1815). The Journal of a Mission to the Interior of Africa, in the Year 1805: Together with other documents, official and private, relating to the same mission : to which is prefixed an account of the life of Mr. Park. London: John Murray. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journalamission01parkgoog#page/n6/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/journalamission01parkgoog#page/n6/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 5. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1 pp. 5–19. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1 pp. 19–20. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Anonymous 1825. - Anonymous (1825). "Programme des prix: Encouragement pour un voyage à Tombouctou et dans l'intéreur de l'Afrique". Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (in French). 3: 209–212. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019. <a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37600x/f210.image" target="_blank">http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37600x/f210.image</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 52. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">The prize included donations from individual members of the society and had a total value of 9,025 francs.[25][26] <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 146. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 169. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 250. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 254. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 71. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 286. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 281. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, pp. 256–257. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 286. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, pp. 258–259. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Park 1799b, p. 195. - Park, Mungo (1799b). Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797. London: W. Bulmer and Company. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MkTAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=7MkTAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, pp. 321–360. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 79. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 87. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 94. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 5. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, pp. 22–26. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 26. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 95. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Leo Africanus 1600, pp. 287–288. - Leo Africanus (1600). A Geographical Historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian. Before which is prefixed a generall description of Africa, and a particular treatise of all the lands undescribed. Translated and collected by John Pory. London: G. Bishop. <a href="https://archive.org/details/b30334627" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/b30334627</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Hunwick 1999, pp. 279–282. - Hunwick, John O. (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-11207-3. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Masonen 2000, pp. 207–211. - Masonen, Pekka (2000). The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. ISBN 951-41-0886-8. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 49. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 50. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Caillié gives two different estimates of the number of camels in the caravan leaving Timbuktu. In the main body of the text he states that the camels numbered "nearly 600",[50] while in the Itinerary section at the end of the book he gives 700–800 camels.[51] The discrepancy is also present in the French edition.[52] Both the main text and the Itinerary section agree that the caravan included 1,400 camels when departing from Araouane.[53] <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, pp. 88–97. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, pp. 105–106. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 202. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 117. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Caillié 1830b, Vol. 2, p. 223. - Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 136–138. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Masonen 2000, pp. 267–268. - Masonen, Pekka (2000). The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. ISBN 951-41-0886-8. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"René Caillié". Archives Nationales – Léonore database. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2021. <a href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&REQ=%28%28LH%2f407%2f27%29%20%3aCOTE%20%29" target="_blank">http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&REQ=%28%28LH%2f407%2f27%29%20%3aCOTE%20%29</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 152–153. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Anonymous 1830. - Anonymous (1830). "Procès-verbal de la Séance générale du 26 mar 1830". Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (in French). 13: 176–177. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2019. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37611k/f175.image" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k37611k/f175.image</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Caillié 1830c. - Caillié, René (1830c), Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l'Afrique centrale ... pendant les années 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 ... Avec une carte itinéraire, et des remarques géographiques, par M. Jomard. (3 Vols) (in French), Paris: Imprimerie Royale <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 164. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Barth 1857, Vol. 4, p. 476. - Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855. (3 Vols). New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Barth 1857, p. 442. - Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855. (3 Vols). New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Archinard 1895, Vol. 4, pp. 22–36. - Archinard, Louis (1895). Le Soudan en 1893 (in French). Le Havre, France: Imprimer de la Société des Anciens Courtiers. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8560807" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8560807</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 244. - Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain : une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Masonen 2000, pp. 269–270. - Masonen, Pekka (2000). The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. ISBN 951-41-0886-8. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

René Caillié open-in-new

René Caillié