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Infrastructure as a service
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>The US <a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) defines infrastructure as a service as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>The capability provided to the consumer is provision processing, storage, networks, as well as other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy & run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, & deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).</p></blockquote> <p>IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine <a href="/facts/Disk_image/wbVUwIeh">disk-image</a> library, raw <a href="/facts/Block_storage/S3vT7c6N">block storage</a>, file or <a href="/facts/Object_storage/NPHWJSW6">object storage</a>, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, <a href="/facts/VLAN/QhdJNaWX">virtual local area networks</a> (VLANs), and software bundles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>IaaS-cloud providers supply resources on-demand from the large pools of equipment installed in <a href="/facts/Data_centers/DS5wJY41">data centers</a>. For <a href="/facts/Wide_area_network/mAkW4gr3">wide-area</a> connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or <a href="/facts/Carrier_cloud/1epbrRY6">carrier clouds</a> (dedicated <a href="/facts/Virtual_private_network/HX1WUQ3E">virtual private networks</a>, VPNs). To deploy their applications, users install operating-system images and the application software on the cloud infrastructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>[<i>unreliable source?</i>] Users patch and maintain the operating systems. IaaS services are typically billed as a utility: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated or consumed. </p><p>Typically, IaaS involves the use of a <a href="/facts/Orchestration_(computing)/0kM890C9">cloud orchestration technology</a> such as <a href="/facts/OpenStack/bAfb8KVQ">OpenStack</a>, <a href="/facts/Apache_CloudStack/Vh1ICHg6">Apache CloudStack</a>, or <a href="/facts/OpenNebula/vp1R34hy">OpenNebula</a>. It manages the creation of a virtual machine (VM) and decides on the hypervisor (i.e. physical host) in order to start it. A <a href="/facts/Hypervisor/3gX9fKlH">hypervisor</a> runs <a href="/facts/Virtual_machine/BLevU3sx">virtual machines</a> (VMs) as guests. Pools of hypervisors in the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to demand by customers. Hypervisors include <a href="/facts/Xen/U5fq6ESl">Xen</a>, <a href="/facts/VirtualBox/8wordR1n">Oracle VirtualBox</a>, <a href="/facts/Oracle_VM_Server_for_x86/baDGmC6K">Oracle VM</a>, <a href="/facts/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine/d6eSuTuK">KVM</a>, <a href="/facts/VMware_ESX/VQrtsQQg">VMware ESX</a>/ESXi, or Microsoft <a href="/facts/Hyper-V/3Qm0yJsv">Hyper-V</a>. It also enables VM migration between hosts, allocates storage volumes, and attaches them to VMs that track usage information for billing. </p><p>An alternative to hypervisors is Linux <a href="/facts/OS-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">containers</a>, which run in isolated partitions of a <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> that runs directly on the physical hardware. Containers are isolated, secured and managed using Linux <a href="/facts/Cgroups/seJrzYuQ">cgroups</a> and namespaces. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. </p> <h2 id="economic-impact">Economic impact</h2> <p>The global IaaS market is projected to reach a value of $411.9 billion by 2030, expanding at a <a href="/facts/Compound_annual_growth_rate/wqWNy1fd">compound annual growth rate</a> (CAGR) of 22.6% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is primarily driven by the adoption of cloud-based infrastructure within the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (<a href="/facts/BFSI/uejCBJrh">BFSI</a>) sector, which employs these technologies to enhance scalability and reduce operational costs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="government-usage">Government usage</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/UK_Government/3zLlUWbx">UK Government</a> encourages departments to use public cloud solutions as a first option. IaaS is in use within the UK Government but the technology community within government recommends consideration of <a href="/facts/Platform_as_a_Service/EDX8mcw4">Platform as a Service</a> (PaaS) in cases where a department may not have IaaS skills and management capacity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/CISPE/gjsQxygT">CISPE</a>, an IaaS trade association in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/facts/As_a_service/grDs4FYk">as a service</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"What is IaaS?". www.redhat.com. Retrieved 2022-10-21. <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-iaas" target="_blank">https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/cloud-computing/what-is-iaas</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"What Is IaaS? Infrastructure as a Service". Oracle. <a href="https://www.oracle.com/cloud/what-is-iaas/" target="_blank">https://www.oracle.com/cloud/what-is-iaas/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Peter Mell; Timothy Grance (September 2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Technical report). National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S. Department of Commerce. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145. Special publication 800-145. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Alex Amies; Harm Sluiman; Qiang Guo Tong; Guo Ning Liu (2 July 2012). Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud: Develop Hosting Applica Cloud. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-306685-2. <a href="978-0-13-306685-2" target="_blank">978-0-13-306685-2</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Ananich, Anthony (February 20, 2016). "What is IaaS?". ananich.pro. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302153830/http://ananich.pro/2016/02/what-is-iaas/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160302153830/http://ananich.pro/2016/02/what-is-iaas/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Markets, Research and (2024-03-01). "Infrastructure-as-a-Service Industry Report 2023: Compute, Storage, Public, Private, Hybrid, Hosting, IT, Telecommunications, BFSI - Global Forecast to 2030". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 2024-04-19. <a href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/03/01/2838680/28124/en/Infrastructure-as-a-Service-Industry-Report-2023-Compute-Storage-Public-Private-Hybrid-Hosting-IT-Telecommunications-BFSI-Global-Forecast-to-2030.html" target="_blank">https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/03/01/2838680/28124/en/Infrastructure-as-a-Service-Industry-Report-2023-Compute-Storage-Public-Private-Hybrid-Hosting-IT-Telecommunications-BFSI-Global-Forecast-to-2030.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Government Digital Service, Deciding how to host your service, updated on 21 July 2022, accessed on 12 October 2024 <a href="https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/technology/deciding-how-to-host-your-service" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/technology/deciding-how-to-host-your-service</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>