Dianthus caryophyllus

<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>

Carnations were mentioned in Greek literature 2,000 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The term dianthus was coined by Greek botanist <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> and is derived from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a> words for divine ("dios") and flower ("anthos").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The name "carnation" is believed to come from the Latin corona, a "wreath, garland, chaplet, crown",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> as it was one of the flowers used in Greek and Roman ceremonial crowns, or possibly from the Latin caro (genitive carnis), "flesh",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> which refers to the natural colour of the flower, or in Christian iconography incarnatio, "<a href="/facts/Incarnation/oYC6TYhx">incarnation</a>", God made flesh in the form of Jesus.
<a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> described the carnation in volume one of his <a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a> in 1753, giving it the name Dianthus caryophyllus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Although originally applied to the species Dianthus caryophyllus, the name carnation is also often applied to some of the other species of <a href="/facts/Dianthus/JWXLNIIE">Dianthus</a>, and more particularly to garden <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrids</a> between D. caryophyllus and other species in the genus.

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
Dianthus caryophyllus is a <a href="/facts/Herbaceous/u6myDhE2">herbaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Perennial_plant/MQ3NvAUW">perennial plant</a> growing up to 80 cm (32 in) tall. The <a href="/facts/Leaf/1m6wCNTg">leaves</a> are <a href="/facts/Glaucous/wsu0BkrF">glaucous</a> greyish green to blue-green, slender, up to 15 cm (6 in) long. The <a href="/facts/Flower/7gI5Kefw">flowers</a> are produced singly or up to five together in a <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">cyme</a>; they are around 3–5 cm (1¼–2 in) diameter, and sweetly scented; the original natural flower color is bright pinkish-purple, but <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> of other colors, including red, pink, yellow, white, and green have been developed. 
While sometimes dyed blue for cut bouquets, there are no known carnation cultivars that produce a true blue flower. The fragrant, <a href="/facts/Hermaphrodite/C4aYIk4n">hermaphrodite</a> flowers have a radial symmetry. The four to six surrounding the <a href="/facts/Calyx_(botany)/rFYnXN4d">calyx</a>, egg-shaped, sting-pointed scales leaves are only ¼ as long as the calyx tube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>
The wild carnation is found in the Mediterranean countries of <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>, <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>, <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a>, <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="cultivation-and-uses">Cultivation and uses</h2>

Carnations require well-drained,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> neutral to slightly alkaline soil, and full sun. Numerous <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> have been selected for garden planting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Typical examples include 'Gina Porto', 'Helen', 'Laced Romeo', and 'Red Rocket'. They are used for medical purposes, such as for upset stomach and fever. Their fragrance was historically used for <a href="/facts/Vinegar/yC27CDkw">vinegar</a>, beer, wine, sauces and salads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
Crossbreeding D. caryophyllus with D. capitatus results in a hybrid that is resistant to bacterial wilt from <a href="/facts/Paraburkholderia_caryophylli/MWQDfpt3">Paraburkholderia caryophylli</a>. However, the flower is less attractive and so more breeding and backcrossing is needed to improve the flower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Carnation cultivars with no fragrance are often used by men as <a href="/facts/Boutonni%25C3%25A8re/KNhhXhCv">boutonnières</a> or "buttonholes".

<h2 id="diseases">Diseases</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_carnation_diseases/76BK5EYB">List of carnation diseases</a>
<h2 id="symbolism">Symbolism</h2>

<h3>Traditional meanings</h3>
For the most part, carnations express love, fascination, and distinction, though there are many variations dependent on color.

<ul><li>Along with the <a href="/facts/Rose_(symbolism)/MVyVFnMa">red rose</a>, the red carnation can be used as a symbol of <a href="/facts/Socialism/U2kVoPaA">socialism</a> and the <a href="/facts/Labour_movement/Pr9EVwlx">labour movement</a>, and historically has often been used in demonstrations on <a href="/facts/International_Workers%2527_Day/KLHQ4Qvu">International Workers' Day</a> (<a href="/facts/May_Day/fRzg27yb">May Day</a>).</li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, the carnation flower is the most frequently used flower in weddings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>, bright red carnations were used when in 1974 the authoritarian <a href="/facts/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)/xXtp2v7V">Estado Novo</a> regime was overthrown; therefore, this transition (brought about by a combination of a coup d'état with <a href="/facts/Civil_resistance/xYgUNKCo">civil resistance</a>) is known as the <a href="/facts/Carnation_Revolution/7FChCa8r">Carnation Revolution</a>.</li>
<li>Light red carnations represent admiration, while dark red denote deep love and affection.</li>
<li>White carnations represent pure love and good luck, while striped (variegated) carnations symbolise regret that a love cannot be shared.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, white carnations are associated with <a href="/facts/Prince_Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld/zUpVPYY7">Prince Bernhard</a>. He wore one during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> and in a gesture of defiance some of the Dutch population took up this gesture. After the war the white carnation became a sign of the Prince, veterans and remembrance of the resistance.</li>
<li>Purple carnations indicate capriciousness. In <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, it is a traditional funeral flower, given in condolence for the death of a loved one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></li>
<li>Carnation is the <a href="/facts/Birth_flower/2PdgXYsq">birth flower</a> for those born in the month of January.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></li>
<li>Since Ottoman times, red carnations and <a href="/facts/Tulip/oq5B0jMb">tulips</a> are used in the interior wall paintings of <a href="/facts/Mosque/U51uY78w">mosques</a> in <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>. It is often said that while tulips represent <a href="/facts/God_in_Islam/L2VNNRJm">God</a>, carnations is the symbol for <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>. However these flower designs are not unique to mosques but also used in many other Ottoman traditional art forms.</li>
<li>In <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>, red carnations has turned into a symbol of mourning after the usage of the flower during <a href="/facts/Black_January/xPANtfbx">Black January</a> events of 1990, a violent crackdown on the civilian population of the country by USSR troops.</li>
<li>In the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, former U.S. President <a href="/facts/William_McKinley/BCd3fSjd">William McKinley</a> considered the red carnation to be his lucky flower and often wore one on his lapel. Following his <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_William_McKinley/2rQDU6zM">assassination in 1901</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">State of Ohio</a> adopted the red carnation as its <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers/tUMHGGw9">state flower</a> to honor McKinley<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li></ul>
The formal name for carnation, dianthus, comes from Greek for "heavenly flower",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> or the flower of <a href="/facts/Jove/JPetM2m9">Jove</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h3>Holidays and events</h3>
Carnations are often worn on special occasions, especially <a href="/facts/Mother%2527s_Day/36w7B8Mf">Mother's Day</a> and weddings. In 1907, <a href="/facts/Anna_Jarvis/01U1qaud">Anna Jarvis</a> chose a carnation as the emblem of Mother's Day because it was her mother's favourite flower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> This tradition is now observed in the United States and Canada on the second Sunday in May. Ann Jarvis chose the white carnation because she wanted to represent the purity of a mother's love.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> This meaning has evolved over time, and now a red carnation may be worn if one's mother is alive, and a white one if she has died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>
In <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a>, red carnations are sometimes also given to women on Women's Day, the 8th of March, however, nowadays orchids or roses are often given as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> In <a href="/facts/Korea/cj2kDBzc">Korea</a>, carnations express admiration, love and gratitude. Red and pink carnations are worn on <a href="/facts/Parents_Day/9GA2qEvt">Parents Day</a> (Korea does not separate Mother's Day or Father's Day, but has Parents Day on 8 May). Sometimes, parents wear a corsage of carnation(s) on their left chest on Parents Day. Carnations are also worn on Teachers Day (15 May).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
Red carnations are worn on <a href="/facts/International_Workers%2527_Day/KLHQ4Qvu">May Day</a> as a symbol of <a href="/facts/Socialism/U2kVoPaA">socialism</a> and the <a href="/facts/Labour_movement/Pr9EVwlx">labour movement</a> in some countries, such as <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, Italy,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> and successor countries of the <a href="/facts/Former_Yugoslavia/PXRlHx9q">former Yugoslavia</a>. The red carnation is also the symbol of the <a href="/facts/Carnation_Revolution/7FChCa8r">Carnation Revolution</a> in <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a> thanks to <a href="/facts/Celeste_Caeiro/EUyf90lz">Celeste Caeiro</a>. Green carnations are for <a href="/facts/St._Patrick%2527s_Day/3xqh9jQ1">St. Patrick's Day</a> and were famously worn by the Irish writer <a href="/facts/Oscar_Wilde/fRCAnvGk">Oscar Wilde</a>. The green carnation thence became a symbol of <a href="/facts/Homosexuality/gNy8Nvl0">homosexuality</a> in the early 20th century, especially through the book <a href="/facts/The_Green_Carnation/nDlA6UsM">The Green Carnation</a> and <a href="/facts/No%25C3%25ABl_Coward/tq4SojHo">Noël Coward</a>'s song, "We All Wear a Green Carnation" in his <a href="/facts/Operetta/7aRrbfyz">operetta</a>, <a href="/facts/Bitter_Sweet_(operetta)/K5JoA2ra">Bitter Sweet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In communist <a href="/facts/Czechoslovakia/9A6Kzmr0">Czechoslovakia</a> and in <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> in times of the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Republic_of_Poland/hypM0C8R">People's Republic of Poland</a>, carnations were traditionally given to women on the widely celebrated <a href="/facts/International_Women%2527s_Day/AGE0QUxf">Women's Day</a>, together with commodities that were difficult to obtain due to the countries' communist system, such as <a href="/facts/Tights/FrBXfEGl">tights</a>, towels, <a href="/facts/Soap/S3nJa1oY">soap</a> and <a href="/facts/Coffee/Q4Ko2C7I">coffee</a>.
After the 1990 uprisings against Soviets in <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> in which 147 Azerbaijani civilians were killed, 800 people were injured and five people went missing, the carnation has become a symbol of the Black January tragedy associated with the carnations thrown into the puddles of blood shed in the streets of Azerbaijan subsequent to the massacre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
At the <a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a>, carnations are traditionally worn to all examinations; white for the first exam, pink for exams in between, and red for the last exam. One story explaining this tradition relates that initially a white carnation was kept in a red inkpot between exams, so by the last exam it was fully red; the story is thought to originate in the late 1990s.

Carnations are the traditional first wedding anniversary flower.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Carnations are also known as the "Flower of God". The Greek name for Carnation is a fusion of "dios" and "anthos". Dios is used the described Zeus while Anthos means flower; thus the name "flower of God" is attached to it.

<h3>Symbols of territorial entities and organizations</h3>
The carnation is the <a href="/facts/National_flower/GD6ktp6F">national flower</a> of <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>, <a href="/facts/Monaco/QjjEJwKy">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a>, and the provincial flower of the autonomous community of the <a href="/facts/Balearic_Islands/zsbDICWA">Balearic Islands</a>. The <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._state_flowers/tUMHGGw9">state flower</a> of <a href="/facts/Ohio/YutCnTlh">Ohio</a> is a scarlet carnation, which was introduced to the state by <a href="/facts/Levi_L._Lamborn/UNTxdpUG">Levi L. Lamborn</a>. The choice was made to honor <a href="/facts/William_McKinley/BCd3fSjd">William McKinley</a>, Ohio governor and U.S. president, who was assassinated in 1901, and regularly wore a scarlet carnation on his lapel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>

<h2 id="colours">Colours</h2>

Carnations do not naturally produce the pigment <a href="/facts/Delphinidin/BS8sklyj">delphinidin</a>, and thus a blue carnation cannot occur by <a href="/facts/Natural_selection/JXTte6en">natural selection</a> or be created by traditional <a href="/facts/Plant_breeding/GFlyFbSK">plant breeding</a>. It shares this characteristic with other widely sold flowers like <a href="/facts/Hybrid_tea_rose/Bcz5FNdF">roses</a>, <a href="/facts/Lilium/VKabVVRj">lilies</a>, <a href="/facts/Tulip/oq5B0jMb">tulips</a>, <a href="/facts/Chrysanthemum/gk5Iakft">chrysanthemums</a> and <a href="/facts/Gerbera/sgAasJJq">gerberas</a>.
Around 1996, a company, <a href="/facts/Florigene/veBLhqTj">Florigene</a>, used <a href="/facts/Genetic_engineering/vwdlDR61">genetic engineering</a> to extract certain genes from <a href="/facts/Petunia/ASe88e60">petunia</a> and <a href="/facts/Antirrhinum/yfjHEejF">snapdragon</a> flowers to produce a blue-mauve carnation, which was commercialized as Moondust. In 1998, a violet carnation called Moonshade was commercialized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> As of 2004, three additional blue-violet/purple varieties have been commercialized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_dianthus/Tc4l6XPR">List of Award of Garden Merit dianthus</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dianthus caryophyllus.

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_Americana/rsmEnQT5">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article Carnation.

<a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "Carnation".

Look up dianthus caryophyllus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519180914/http://lib.colostate.edu/archives/agriculture/carnations/">Carnations and the Floriculture Industry: Records of the Colorado Flower Growers Association</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"dianthus". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dianthus" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dianthus</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Caryophyllus". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Caryophyllus" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Caryophyllus</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Dianthus caryophyllus Carnation, Clove Pink, Border Carnation PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+caryophyllus" target="_blank">https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+caryophyllus</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Flora Europaea Search Results". websites.rbge.org.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Dianthus&SPECIES_XREF=caryophyllus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=" target="_blank">https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Dianthus&SPECIES_XREF=caryophyllus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Teague, Lettie (22 October 2010). "The Carnation Makes a Comeback". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410504575560360543473040" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410504575560360543473040</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Teague, Lettie (22 October 2010). "The Carnation Makes a Comeback". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410504575560360543473040" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410504575560360543473040</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"What in Carnation?", Wall Street Journal, Off Duty Section, 23–24 October 2010, p.D1 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Tomus I". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 410. <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358429" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358429</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Flora of NW Europe: Dianthus caryophyllus Archived 8 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1990" target="_blank">http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1990</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"The Euro+Med Plantbase Project". ww2.bgbm.org. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=101378&PTRefFk=7200000" target="_blank">https://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=101378&PTRefFk=7200000</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hall, Heather (10 February 2023). "Discover The National Flower of Spain: Red Carnation". A-Z Animals. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-national-flower-of-spain-red-carnation/" target="_blank">https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-national-flower-of-spain-red-carnation/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"How to grow and care for carnations at home". ews.laodong.vn. 31 July 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://news.laodong.vn/chuyen-nha-minh/cach-trong-va-cham-soc-hoa-cam-chuong-tai-nha-1434334.ldo" target="_blank">https://news.laodong.vn/chuyen-nha-minh/cach-trong-va-cham-soc-hoa-cam-chuong-tai-nha-1434334.ldo</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Hans Wolfgang Behm: The flora around us. The colored book of flowers and flowers in gardens and house. Berlin 1966. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Onozaki, T., Ikeda, H., Yamaguchi, T., and Himeno, M. (1998). introduction of Bacterial Wilt (pseudomonas caryophylli) resistance in Dianthus wild species to carnation. In "ISHS Acta Horticulturae III: New Floricultural Crops", Considine, J. eds, Acta Horticulturae, Perth, Western Australia. pp. 127–132 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Carnation Flower Meaning". Flower Meaning. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://www.flowermeaning.com/carnation-flower-meaning/" target="_blank">https://www.flowermeaning.com/carnation-flower-meaning/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Anthony S. Mercatante (1976), The magic garden: the myth and folklore of flowers, plants, trees, and herbs, Harper & Row, p. 9, ISBN 0-06-065562-3 <a href="0-06-065562-3" target="_blank">0-06-065562-3</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"The legend of the carnation", Library notes, Alabama Public Library Service, 1965, p. 6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SejoAAAAMAAJ&q=carnation+tears+cross" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SejoAAAAMAAJ&q=carnation+tears+cross</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Symbolic Meaning of Carnation | Teleflora". www.teleflora.com. Retrieved 9 April 2025. <a href="https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/carnation" target="_blank">https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/carnation</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Statehouse to Commemorate Anniversary of President William McKinley's Death; Red Carnation Day, September 14 | Ohio Statehouse". www.ohiostatehouse.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022. <a href="https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/news/statehouse-to-commemorate-anniversary-of-president-william-mckinleys-death-red-carnation-day-september-14" target="_blank">https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/news/statehouse-to-commemorate-anniversary-of-president-william-mckinleys-death-red-carnation-day-september-14</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"dianthus". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dianthus" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dianthus</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Care Information for Standard Carnation". Calyx Flowers Floral Library. Calyx & Corolla, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010. <a href="http://www.calyxflowers.com/Floral-Library/Content/Standard-Carnation.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.calyxflowers.com/Floral-Library/Content/Standard-Carnation.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:30">"Mother's Day reaches 100th anniversary, The woman who lobbied for this day would berate you for buying a card". NBC News. Associated Press. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24556903" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24556903</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:36">"The night on which even the carnation shed tears". Hürriyet Daily News. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2020. <a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-night-on-which-even-the-carnation-shed-tears-108695" target="_blank">http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-night-on-which-even-the-carnation-shed-tears-108695</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Wedding anniversary#Flower gifts <a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary#Flower_gifts" target="_blank">/wiki/Wedding_anniversary#Flower_gifts</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Lawriter – ORC – 5.02 State flower". Codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved 8 December 2015. <a href="http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/gp5.02" target="_blank">http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/gp5.02</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Phys.Org website. 4 April 2005 Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose <a href="http://www.physorg.com/news3581.html" target="_blank">http://www.physorg.com/news3581.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"GM Carnations in Australia. A Resource Guide" (PDF). Agrifood Awareness Australia. November 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021951/http://www.afaa.com.au/resource_guides/Resource_Carnations.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021951/http://www.afaa.com.au/resource_guides/Resource_Carnations.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Dianthus caryophyllus open-in-new

Dianthus caryophyllus